PRE-FINAL EXAM

1. Until 10,000 years ago, all human groups used which of the following subsistence strategies?
A) agriculture
B) foraging
C) horticulture
D) pastoralism
E) reciprocity

2. Which of the following groups is an example of a foraging society?
A) Kwakiutl
B) Yanomami
C) Qashqai
D) Ifugao
E) Basseri

3. What is the basic social unit of foragers?
A) the tribe
B) the clan
C) lineage
D) the band
E) the totem

4. Which of the following factors of production does horticulture make intensive use of?
A) land
B) labor
C) capital
D) machinery
E) Horticulture does not make intensive use of any of the above
factors of production.

5. Which of the following is commonly found in both horticultural and nonindustrial agricultural societies?
A) irrigation
B) slash and burn techniques to clear land
C) terracing
D) use of domestic animals for transportation, cultivating
machines, and manure
E) None of the above are commonly found in both horticultural
and nonindustrial agricultural societies.

6. Horticulture is characterized by which of the following?
A) the use of terraces
B) the use of a fallow period
C) the use of domestic animals
D) irrigation systems
E) intensive cultivation
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7. Agriculture is characterized by all of the following except:
A) the use of terraces.
B) irrigation systems.
C) the use of domestic animals.
D) the use of a fallow period.
E) intensive cultivation.

8.Which of the following is not an environmental effect of intensive agriculture?
A) deforestation
B) concentration of organic wastes
C) increased environmental diversity
D) increased environmental uniformity
E) All of the above are environmental effects of intensive
agriculture.

9.The mode of production refers to:
A) the way in which production is organized.
B) the major productive resources of an economy including the
land, labor, technology, and capital.
C) the rational allocation of scarce resources to alternative
ends.
D) the profit-oriented system principle of exchange in which
goods and services are bought and sold, and values are
determined by supply and demand.
E) the exchange between social equals.

10. The means of production refers to:
A) the way in which production is organized.
B) the rational allocation of scarce resources to alternative
ends.
C) the profit-oriented system principle of exchange in which
goods and services are bought and sold, and values are
determined by supply and demand.
D) the major productive resources of an economy including the
land, labor, technology, and capital.
E) the exchange between social equals.

11. What is a replacement fund?
A) the time and energy devoted to replacing the calories used during a person's daily activity*the time and energy devoted to maintaining items essential to production
B) the time and energy devoted to helping friends, relatives,
in-laws, and neighbors
C) the time and energy devoted to the performance of rituals the time and energy a person must render to a superior individual or agency for access to land

12. What is the market principle?
A) the movement of goods, services, and resources from the local level to a central administrative location, then back to the local level
B) the exchange of goods, services, and resources between social equals
C) the rational allocation of scarce means to alternative ends
D) the exchange of goods, services, and resources in a market-place
E) the use of money to buy and sell things at prices determined by supply and demand

13. With which kind of reciprocity is something given and nothing is expected in return?
A) negative reciprocity
B) generalized reciprocity
C) specialized reciprocity
D) balanced reciprocity
E) market reciprocity

14. Which of the following statements about negative reciprocity is not true?
A) Negative reciprocity usually involves dealing with people outside or on the fringes of your social system.
B) Silent trade is an example of negative reciprocity.
C) Stealing is an extreme form of negative reciprocity.
D) Negative reciprocity cannot be practiced by a society that already practices generalized reciprocity.
E) Negative reciprocity involves the attempt to get something for as little as possible.

15. With balanced reciprocity, a person:
A) tries to get something for as little as possible.
B) exchanges with people only within his or her nuclear family.
C) gives and expects something in return, which may not come immediately, but the giver will be upset if the person who received the gift does not reciprocate the exchange.
D) uses money to buy and sell goods and services.
E) tries to rationally allocate scarce means or resources to alternative ends.

16. All of the following is true about human language except that it:
A) permits the discussion of past and future.
B) is based on an arbitrary association between words and the things for which they stand.
C) is produced only when particular environmental stimuli are encountered.
D) relies almost totally on learning.
E) allows one to benefit from others’ experiences.

17. All of the following statements about call systems are true except that they:
A) consist of a limited number of sounds.
B) are made only in the presence of certain stimuli.
C) are used by chimpanzees.
D) permit discussion of the past.
E) are used by gorillas.

18. When the chimpanzee, Washoe, combined the signs for "water" and "bird" to denote a swan she saw, she was displaying:
A) displacement.
B) a call system.
C) a focal vocabulary.
D) productivity.
E) diglossia.

19. Which term refers to "the study of speech sounds and consideration of which soun ds are present and significant in a given language"?
A) phonology
B) morphology
C) phonetics
D) phonemics
E) kinesics

20. Which of the following is commonly used to communicate status differences in Madagascar?
A) bowing
B) falsetto voice
C) limp handshake
D) lowering one’s head
E) firm handshake

21. Which term refers to "the study of the significant sound contrasts of a given language"?
A) phonology
B) morphology
C) phonetics
D) phonemics
E) kinesics

22. What term refers to "a sound contrast that makes a difference to meaning "?
A) morpheme
B) lexicon
C) syntax
D) phoneme
E) kinesics

23. "Pit" and "bit" are two words in English differentiated by a single sound contrast between the /p/ and the /b/. This means that /p/ and /b/ are ________ in English.
A) morphemes
B) a lexicon
C) a syntax
D) phonemes
E) kinesics

24. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that:
A) the grammatical categories of different languages lead their speakers to think about things in particular ways.
B) there are ten basic color terms which evolve in a set order.
C) the chimpanzees that are capable of ASL are more like trained circus animals and do not really show the capacity of language.
D) human brains contain a limited set of rules for organizing language, so that all languages have a common structural basis.
E) gorillas have the capacity of speech, as demonstrated by the gorilla Koko.

25. Berlin and Kay's study, in which they determined that there are ten basic color terms that appear in languages in a consistent order, is an example of the study of:
A) morphology.
B) sociolinguistics.
C) phonetics.
D) focal vocabulary.
E) ethnosemantics.

26. The use of a falsetto voice by women in Japan is an example of:
A) diglossia.
B) a style shift.
C) ethnosemantics.
D) a call system.
E) kinesics.

27. According to the principle of linguistic relativity:
A) human brains contain a limited set of rules for organizing language, so that all languages have a common structural basis.
B) all languages are daughter languages of Proto-Indo-Europeans.
C) all dialects are equally effective as systems of communication.
D) the proper language is a strategic resource to its user.
E) all languages are equally valid for study by linguistic anthropologists.

28. According to the textbook, all of the following are true about Black English Vernacular except that it is:
A) systematic and rule-governed.
B) less capable of communication than Standard English.
C) a relatively uniform dialect spoken by the majority of black youth in most parts of the United States.
D) able to differentiate between past and present verbs.
E) related to the dialect of English commonly used in the southern United States.

29. Languages that have descended from the same language are called:
A) historical linguistics.
B) daughter languages.
C) protolanguages.
D) linguistic subgroups.
E) proto-Indo-European.

30. All of the following are true about communication via AIT Advanced Information Technology except:
A) cyberspeak is usually less formal than print.
B) communication via AIT will mostly be used to facilitate communication among affinity groups.
C) cyberspeak language is less precise and less fixed than in print.
D) class anonymity is fully possible in AIT communication.
E) access to AIT is disproportionately high among certain ages, ethnicities, nationalities, and incomes.

31. What is the term for the permanent social unit whose members claim a common ancestry?
A) descent group
B) ambilineal group
C) extended family
D) nuclear family
E) family of procreation
32. What is the term for the nuclear family that is formed when one marries and has children?
A) family of procreation
B) zadruga
C) family of orientation
D) tarawads
E) clan

33. All of the following are features of the Bosnian zadruga except:
A) the household is headed by a male household head and wife.
B) it is a form of kin organization known as a descent group.
C) each nuclear family has its own sleeping room.
D) the zadruga is composed of married sons and their wives and children and unmarried sons and daughters.
E) it is a patrilocal system.

34. Which of the following terms means that people get to choose which lineage to join?
A) matrilineal descent
B) ambilineal descent
C) unilineal descent
D) patrilineal descent
E) demonstrated descent

35. All of the following are true of a descent group that is organized as a clan except:
A) members claim connection to an apical ancestor.
B) members use stipulated descent.
C) the apical ancestor is often a totem.
D) members typically practice a pre-industrial farming agriculture.
E) members can recite the names of their forebears back to their apical ancestor..

36. Under which form of post-marital residence rules systems do couples move to the wife's community?
A) patrilocal
B) matrilocal
C) unilocal
D) generational
E) neolocal

37. According to Edmund Leach, marriage can accomplish all of the following, except:
A) give either or both spouse a monopoly in the other's sexuality.
B) establish an arbitrary and meaningless bond between both spouses and their families.
C) establish a socially significant relationship between spouses and their families.
D) establish the legal father of a woman's children and the legal mother of a man's children.
E) give either or both spouses rights over the other's property.

38. Which of the following statements about berdaches is not true?
A) Berdaches are biological males who have assumed many of the gender roles assigned to women.
B) Berdaches are sometimes married men.
C) Berdaches fill the wifely role when they marry.
D) Berdaches are used in the textbook as an example of one of the shortcomings of same-sex marriage.
E) Several Native American groups have berdaches.

39. What is endogamy?
A) It refers to the rules that dictate marriage outside a group to which a person belongs.
B) It is synonymous with cross cousin marriage.
C) It refers to the rules that dictate marriage within a group to which a person belongs.
D) It refers to forbidden sexual relations with a close relative.
E) It refers to the custom by which the children of two brothers or two sisters marry.


40. Which of the following statements about India's caste system is not true?
A) It is an extreme example of endogamy.
B) A man who has sex with a lower-caste woman cannot restore his ritual purity.
C) Occupational specialization often sets off one caste from another.
D) Contact with a member of the untouchable caste is considered defiling.
E) The castes are endogamous, but many are internally subdivided into exogamous lineages.

41. Which of the following statements about dowry is not true?
A) Dowry exists in more cultures than bridewealth does.
B) Dowry is the exchange of gifts from the bride and her kin to the groom and his kin.
C) Dowry tends to be practiced in societies with low female status.
D) A woman's dowry is supposed to compensate the groom's kin for the added burden of being responsible for the bride.
E) In India, women are sometimes murdered when the groom's family considers the dowry insufficient.

42. Which of the following statements about bridewealth is not true?
A) Bridewealth exists in more cultures than dowry does.
B) As the value of bridewealth increases, marriages become more stable.
C) The bridewealth compensates the bride's kin for the loss of her companionship and labor.
D) Bridewealth is the exchange of gifts from the bride and her kin to the groom's kin.
E) Bridewealth is sometimes called progeny price.

43.Which of the following statements about divorce is not true?
A) Divorce is more common in matrilineal than in patrilineal societies.
B) Divorce is more common in modern Western society than it was a century ago.
C) As the value of the dowry increases, the likelihood of divorce increases.
D) Divorces tend to increase after wars.
E) Divorces tend to decrease when times are bad economically.

44. Which of the following statements about polygyny is not true?
A) Even in societies where polygyny is practiced, most men are monogamous.
B) Polygyny can play an important role in the economic standing of a household, but it has little to do with political functions.
C) The custom of men marrying later in life than women promotes polygyny.
D) The number of wives is an indicator of a man's household productivity and social position.
E) Widows often make up a large number of the women involved in plural marriages.

45. Which of the following statements about polyandry is true?
A) Most polyandrous societies are found in Polynesia.
B) Polyandry is more common than polygyny.
C) Polyandry is often a cultural adaptation to female mobility associated with trade or military operations.
D) Polyandry reduces the amount of land fragmentation between generations by limiting the number of wives and heirs.
E) Polyandry increases the amount of land fragmentation between generations by increasing the number of wives and heirs.

Part II - True or False

1. Most people in North America belong to only one nuclear family during their lives.
A) True
B) False

2. Clans typically have more members and cover a larger area than lineages do.
A) True
B) False

3. A person's genitor is his or her socially recognized father.
A) True
B) False

4. Endogamy refers to the rules that dictate marriage within a group to which a person belongs.
A) True
B) False

5. Polygyny is the kind of plural marriage in which a man has more than one wife.
A) True
B) False

6. The San, Inuit, and Yanomami are all foragers.
A) True
B) False

7. Horticulture makes intensive use of none of the factors of production: land, labor, capital, and machinery.
A) True
B) False

8. With transhumance, the entire group – women, men, and children – moves with the animals throughout the year.
A) True
B) False

9. With market exchange, items are bought and sold, using money, with an eye to maximizing profit.
A) True
B) False

10. Negative reciprocity involves the attempt to get something for as little as possible.
A) True
B) False

11. Nefamese is an example of a pidgin language.
A) True
B) False

12. A smile is likely to have the same meaning cross-culturally.
A) True
B) False

13. Black English Vernacular (BEV) is best defined by its lack of rules and diversity when compared with Standard English.
A) True
B) False

14. A close relationship between two languages indicates that the speakers are closely related biologically.
A) True
B) False

15. Early experiments with teaching chimpanzees spoken language failed because researchers had not developed the proper techniques.
A) True
B) False


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